Smart grids refer to the modernization of traditional electrical grids by incorporating advanced technologies such as communication networks, sensors, and smart meters to improve efficiency, reliability, and sustainability of power generation, transmission, and distribution. These technologies enable real-time monitoring, control, and optimization of electricity flow, as well as the integration of renewable energy sources and energy storage systems. Smart grids also facilitate demand response programs, grid resilience, and the development of new services and business models in the electricity sector. Ultimately, smart grids aim to create a more secure, flexible, and cost-effective energy system to meet the growing energy needs of the future.